Qualitative assessment of some available water resources in Efon-Alaaye, Ekiti State Nigeria

ABSTRACT: As water is a major life sustainer, hence its portability is of great importance in performing that role well. In this study, various water samples were collected within Efon-Alaaye for both physicochemical and bacteriological tests. A total of nine (9) water samples were taken for analysis with six (6) from various surface sources and three (3) from groundwater sources in the study area. The mean turbidity value, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration, hardness and EC are 2.92 NTU, 23°C, 447.8 mg/l, 48.1 mg/l and 138.4 µS/cm respectively. Manganese has mean value of 0.27 mg/l. The concentration of both copper and zinc ranges from 0.07 ­ 0.13 mg/l and 0.16 ­ 0.55 mg/l with an average value of 0.04 mg/l and 0.28 mg/l respectively. Water samples collected were also analyzed for total coliform bacteria and ranged from 1 to 4.6/100 ml with an average value of 3.29 colony/100 ml. On the basis of findings, the physico-chemical analysis reveals that some of the water samples were above the WHO standards for parameters like turbidity and TDS while the bacteriological test reveals that seven (7) of the water samples considered met the WHO requirement of portability while the other two samples contain faecal contaminant as E.coli was discovered, though at reasonable rate

Evaluation of flow rate correction in water pipeline distribution network by two numerical methods of solution

ABSTRACT: This study evaluates flow rate correction and approximate flow rates in loops for three different case studies of closed looped pipe distribution network systems using Hardy Cross and Newton Raphson. Darcy Weisbach head loss equation was also used to account for major losses. Manual calculation was initially done for each case study followed by a C-Sharp programming software which was developed to affirm the manual calculation. For one looped network, head loss around the loop converged from 25.60 m to 0.13 m at the third iteration. The two looped network head loss around each loop converged from 170.97 m and 8.92 m to 0.05 and 0.06 m for Hardy Cross at the sixth iteration while the head loss are 0.88 m and 0.24 m at the fourth iteration for both Hardy Cross and Newton Raphson method while for the three looped network, it has head losses around the three loops converged after the fourth iteration from 0.26, 1.36 and 18.32 m to 0.13, 0.11 and 0.10 m respectively for Hardy Cross at third iteration while the head losses are 0.03, 0.00 and 0.05 m for Newton Raphson method. Newton Raphson method was found to have a better convergence pattern because it convergences in a uniform manner unlike Hardy Cross method. Also, the program developed gave almost but more accurate results as compared to that of manual calculations with the agreement between them rated at 98%. Some slight differences encountered in the mathematical terms calculated were as a result of some accumulated approximation errors